The Reliability of Memory - 1494 Words

According to Sternberg (1999), memory is the extraction of past experiences for information to be used in the present. The retrieval of memory is essential in every aspect of daily life, whether it is for academics, work or social purposes. However, many often take memory for granted and assume that it can be relied on because of how realistic it appears in the mind. This form of memory is also known as flashbulb memory. (Brown and Kulik, 1977). The question of whether our memory is reliably accurate has been shown to have implications in providing precise details of past events. (The British Psychological Association, 2011). In this essay, I would put forth arguments that human memory, in fact, is not completely reliable in providing†¦show more content†¦The subjects involved 3 males and 21 females, ranging in age from 18 to 53. They were selected based on their relative member having a good knowledge about their childhood experiences. Subjects were given a booklet containing brief descriptions of 3 true events and 1 false event that supposedly occurred when they were 4 to 6 years old. These were based on information provided by the relative and subjects were instructed to record what they could remember. Following which, 2 consecutive interviews were held around 2 weeks apart, and the subjects were asked to rate their clarity and confidence ratings on a scale of 1-10 and 1-5 respectively. Results showed that 29% of the subjects â€Å"remembered† the false event, whether it is partially or completely when they first read the booklet. During the subsequent 2 interviews, 25% of the subjects insisted that they â€Å"remembered† the false event. Moreover, the mean clarity rating for the false memory increased from 2.8 to 3.6 respectively for the first and second interview. This showed that there are various ways in which one can be led to remember their past, and even be encouraged to â€Å"remember† non-existent events. Although most of the subjects succeeded in remembering 68% of the true events with higher confidence and clarity ratings, this did not indicate that they were not confused earlier on to believe that the falseShow MoreRelatedReliability of the Human Memory1339 Words   |  5 PagesReliability of the human memory in eyewitness memory In this essay it will be argued how the human memory for recalling details of past events is not reliably accurate and that it will be interpreted through the reliability of memory in eyewitness memory and testimony. The human memory is a complex finding in the cognitive research of psychology, which can be explained by many different contributing factors but eyewitness is dependent upon the accuracy of long-term memory. However, research evidenceRead MoreUniversal Nonverbal Intelligence Test By Lauren Scanlan Essay1210 Words   |  5 Pages2). The UNIT is composed of six subtests including Symbolic Memory, Spatial Memory, Object Memory, Cube Design, Analogic Reasoning, and Mazes. The subtests yield an age-appropriate scaled score with a mean of 10 and a standard deviation (SD) of 3 (manual, p. 2). The UNIT has three administration options including the Standard Battery, the Extended Battery, and the Abbreviated Battery. The Abbreviated Battery includes the Symbolic Memory and Cube Design subtests and screens intellectual functioningRead MoreCredability of Eyewitness Testimony Essay852 Words   |  4 Pagesspecific event or crime, relying on their own memory. Statements often include descriptions given in a criminal trial and subsequent identification by individuals who were present at the crime scene. EWT is likely to dependent on reconstructive memory(Bartlett,1932) which describes how memory is more than a passive recall. It is the active process of building up memory using fragments to fill gaps of an event in memory plus the expectations and assumptions (schema)Read MoreEssay Research Article Critique1359 Words   |  6 PagesThey are verbal short-term memory, phonemic awareness, and rime awareness. The authors compared children with dyslexia with the same age and reading level control group of children to measure the affect and strength of correlation between verbal short memory, rime awareness and phonemic awareness on a child’s word reading abilities. Summary Various researchers have found that there is a relationship between phonemic awareness, rime awareness and verbal short-term memory. Melby-Lervà ¥g, Lyster, amp;Read MoreThe Effects Of Cognitive Ability On Social Media Use1450 Words   |  6 Pagescognitive ability, working-memory, social media, and social media use. First, addressing cognitive ability, we understand that a comprehensive test of cognitive ability is not feasible as it is a diverse concept with a number of different factors. In light of this, we are attempting to see if there is an effect on the concentration aspect of cognitive ability. We are going to operationalize concentration as performance of working-memory. This is because working-memory requires an individual to concentrateRead MoreMusical Talent Is It Genetic Or Environmental?1708 Words   |  7 Pagesbe musically talented. This paper is going to be focusing on what causes musical talent, the genetic aspects of musical talent as well as the environmental aspects of what causes musical talent, and some ways that measure musical talent and the reliability and validity of the tests used to determine musical talent. Genetic Aspects of Musical Talent Have you ever known a person who was musically talented and wondered what is it that causes a person to be so musically adapt? Or think of your favoriteRead MoreThe Role of Eyewitness Testimony and the Weapon Effect in a Criminal Investigation 1241 Words   |  5 Pagesare also valued unique factors they can bring to criminal investigations. Nevertheless, an eyewitness testimony can also raise several factors that threaten its credibility, especially for those who haven’t had prior training in assessing witness reliability. It has been suggested, for instance, that jurors only have their common sense as their guides when their witnesses have strenuous claims (Schechel et al., 2006, p.178). In the event that a crime scene does not contain relics of DNA or other forensicRead More The Reliability of Eyewitness Testimony Essay1329 Words   |  6 PagesThe Reliability of Eyewitness Testimony Part 1 - How reliable is Eyewitness testimony? The Reconstructive nature of memory - Schemas and Stereotypes The reconstructive nature of memory is related to the schema theory. A schema is a package of memory that is organized and developed throughout our lives. Schemas are stored in long term memory. Most people have similar schemas and this was recognized by Bower, Black and Turner (1979) when they asked several peopleRead MoreA Brief Note On The Alzheimers Disease1235 Words   |  5 Pages(Trossman, 2013). The Alzheimer’s Association (2015) states: Alzheimer’s disease is a degenerative brain disease and the most common cause of dementia. Dementia is also caused by other diseases and conditions. It is characterized by a decline in memory, language, problem-solving and other cognitive skills that affects a person’s ability to perform everyday activities. This decline occurs because nerve cells (neurons) in parts of the brain involved in cognitive function have been damaged and no longerRead MoreCognitive Psychology; Critical Report on Abducted by Ufo: Prevalence Information Affects Young Childrens False Memories for an Implausible Event1443 Words   |  6 PagesAssessment 1: Critical Review 1. Otgaar and colleagues looked at whether Prevalence information changes memory in any form when focusing on implausible events. The aim of the investigation was to see if children between the ages of 7-8 and 11-12 could create false memories when asked to recall an implausible or plausible event. The second aim also focused on whether the level of false memory recalled when levels of prevalence has been changed which was controlled by having a condition with no prevalence

Cause And Effects Of Stress - 1349 Words

Causes and Effects of Stress According to HeartMath LLC,â€Å"Stress is the basic cause of 60% of all human illness and disease†. Stress is a huge problem in the world today and effects many people. Everyone has different stress triggers. For example, work, school, and children are all parts of life that many people struggle with and cause them to go into overload. Stress take a toll on many people s bodies and can cause serious problems like high blood pressure, obesity, diabetes, and heart disease. In opposition to the people who think that stress is a negative, some people say that it is a positive. They claim that it motivates them, boosts their adrenaline, and makes them smarter. Many people in the world experience stress in their†¦show more content†¦employers an estimated $200 billion per year in absenteeism, lower productivity, staff turnover, workers compensation, medical insurance and other stress-related expenses.† If stress causes a company money why are they continuing to overload employees with work. If they were looking at the best interest of their company and their employees they would consider there life outside of work and cut them some slack. Another effect in the workplace includes sleep deprivation from staying up those long nights getting work done. Everyone needs sleep and if one does not get enough it can affect how much they get done and the quality of their work. In addition to stress in the workplace, finances is a huge stress factor for adults. This is not just a small problem it affects many adults: â€Å"72 percent of adults admitted worrying about finances, and 22 percent called this stress extreme† (Addie, Kane). This is an ongoing issue in the world and something that most if not all deal with in their lifetime. Keeping up with the bills and paying for everyday expenses is very hard for some people to keep up with, especially those of which who have a lower income. Adults in a lower income household are more likely to stress about money and making ends meet. Along with income and finances, job loss and unemployment are other sources of income for adults. When someone loses a job they no longer have a source of income to pay for any expenses. They now have to worryShow MoreRelatedCause And Effect Of Stress1029 Words   |  5 Pagesthe day of the week? Why adults cannot be as happy as little kids? Why college or school students h ave a sleepless night before the exam? The answer is stress. Stress has become a normal part of our life and its negative effects are increasing with such a fast rate that after a few decades or so, it is going to be the leading cause of death. Stress as defined â€Å"is an internal state which can be caused by the physical demands of the body .e.g. disease conditions, exercise, and the like or by environmentalRead MoreThe Causes and Effects of Stress1901 Words   |  8 Pagesfor the statement that â€Å"Stress is in the eyes of the beholder†. Stress from the perspective of poetry is the emphasis that falls on certain syllables and not others; the arrangement of stresses within a poem is the foundation of poetic rhythm. The process of working out which syllables in a poem are stressed is known as scansion; once a metrical poem has been scanned, it should be possible to see the matter. In psychology, stress is a feeling of strain and pressure. Stress in general is somethingR ead MoreStress : Causes, Effects, And Treatments1429 Words   |  6 PagesStress: Causes, Effects, and Treatments INTRODUCTION Stress is a major component of people’s lives at some point or another. Stress is a state of mental and/or emotional tension as a result of demanding circumstances and events. Stress has an impact on humans physically and psychologically. There are different types of stress including: acute, episodic acute, and chronic. Acute is the most common form of stress and it only has temporary effects, episodic is a more frequent form of acute stressRead MoreEssay on Stress: Causes And Effects797 Words   |  4 PagesStress: Causes and Effects   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Stress is an ongoing dilemma that occurs in each and everyone’s life. It is a factor that is undoubtedly a part of daily living. Due to the trivial problems that occur in people’s daily lives massive amounts of stress can arise. People perceive and manage stress in many different ways. The causes and effects of stress are numerous and one’s ability to manage stress is vital in maintaining healthy living.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First, stress is defined as an unpleasant stateRead MoreStress : The Causes, Effects, And Remedies1755 Words   |  8 PagesStress: The Causes, Effects, and Remedies Stress is a common issue many people face today. Several studies have been done on various groups to explain their stress and the effect it has on their lives. Stress can have short-term and long-term effects which can impact physical and psychological health. Research shows that stress is connected to nearly 90 percent of health issues (Naseer, 2016). It is vital for stress to be managed and reduced for health purposes, but to do that, it must be fullyRead MoreCause and Effect of Stress in Young Children1162 Words   |  5 PagesDetermining Causes and Effects- Draft Version Jacqueline C. Winfield Professor Leverett Butts English Composition- ENG 115 Friday, November 22, 2012 Young children are not always the first people we think of when it comes to the stress factor. We tend to believe that they are living in their best years, however with changes in economic situations such as parents not remaining married, being exposed to violence, and even feeling the need to belong a child can become overwhelmed. AccordingRead MoreTeens : The Causes And Effects Of Teen Stress1309 Words   |  6 PagesEvery year, because of stress from exams, 40 students kill themselves (Singh). A 15 year-old student in India hung herself in her room, the day before an exam and left a note which tells how she ended her life because she was â€Å"... unable to secure first rank in examination†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Correspondent). This is one of the examples of how stress causes many health problems in teens from being overworked in school and too many responsibilities at home. Most teens today feel the pressure from juggling schoolworkRead MoreCauses And Effects Of Stress In College Students901 Words   |  4 Pagesor go a different route in life. There are many causes and effects due to the amount of stress college students go through daily. I know this because Ive been a college student for about 3 months and experience stress almost every day. Three main causes why college students experience stress is because of academic stressors, social stressors, and daily hassles. Which leads to dropouts, weight issues, and unhealthy habits. The first type of stress that college students experience is academicallyRead MoreCauses and Effects of Work Related Stress613 Words   |  3 Pagesrelated stress Introduction: Work related stress is response to the conflict between work demand and individual’s needs. According to world health organization (WHO; 1986) When people are presented with work demands and pressures that is contrast to their knowledge and skills and challenge their abilities, those work demands and pressures result in the response called work related stress. Work related stress could occur at any level of organization including managers and lower faculty. Causes: NormallyRead MoreCauses and Effects of Stress on Our Lives808 Words   |  3 Pages People have felt stress. Stress is scientifically defined as any stimulus or condition that threatens the bodys homeostasis. Stress could be a negative or positive. People believe that thinking too much about things will make it go or help vanish the situation. Sometimes when thinking about things it can suddenly lead to being angry, mad or start screaming. People feeling angry or mad meaning that stress has overcome their life. Nowadays, people are wondering, what is stress? and why does it

Employee Compensation Industrial Management

Question: Describe about the Employee Compensation for Industrial Management? Answer: Introduction: Motivation is derived from the word motive. By the word motive it means needs, desires or wants that the individual expects from within. It is a complete procedure of stimulating the actions of the employees who are working in the organization is order to accomplish the goals. Employees working in the organization are motivated very frequently by their manager. This will help them to become more productive, more engaged and more interested in doing their work, so basically it is the job of the managers to motivate the employees to make them in doing their jobs well. Motivation-key to improvement in performance It is an old saying that a horse can be taken to the water but the horse cannot be forced to drink water. Same is the case with the human beings they will do only that work for which they are interested to do or it can be said that they are motivated to do the work. They must be motivated either by themselves or with the help of some external methods. Now the question is that whether the employees working in the organization are self-motivated or driven by external stimulus. If they are not self-motivated then be motivated. So now it becomes the duty of the manager to motivate the employees. So for motivation there can be some skill that can be learnt. This is very much essential for any business to run smoothly. Performance of the employees is considered to be a mixture of ability and motivation, therefore: Performance in job = function (f) x ability x motivation Ability depends upon education, experience as well as the training of the employees. Any improvement in the ability undertaken by the manager is a slow and a long process, whereas motivation can be improved quickly. Following are major strategies of motivation that can be used by the manager: Higher expectations from employees Maintaining discipline in the organization No biasness among the employees Satisfying the needs of the employees To set the goals effectively. The above stated strategies may vary from situation to situation in every organization. It is usually found that there is slight gap that exist between the actual state and desired state of the individual. The managers today are trying to reduce the gap by adopting different kind of strategies. Motivation is adopted by the motivator so that he can easily complete the work and can achieve the desired goals set by the manager. The manager can also carry on research in order to evaluate that what are the needs of the individual and how can they be motivated. it can be explained with this example, a famous gas company Minneapolis Gas Company that had 31,000 men and 13,000 women workers made a long research for a period of 20 years in order to evaluate that what are the desired of the employees that are working in their organization. This research gave them fruitful results and they came to know that both the men and women workers wanted that there should be security of their job for which they are working hard. Other than this there were other three factors that were found after the research: Advancement in the technology. Work type assigned to a particular worker. The company should be reliable and authentic. The detailed arguments against merit pay are as follows Rewards with the fear of punishment may lead to declining of performance and thus it will affect the intrinsic form of motivation. When a manager makes stress on the employee that it will get rewards from his work done then employee gets burdened and thus becomes least interested in its work. The amounts that are available for distribution are small so they cannot act an incentive. They have always been a matter of question in the merit pay schemes The requirements that are needed for success are difficult to achieve. Money as in itself will not lead to sustainable motivation. Rather the intrinsic motivation that is provided by the work itself will last longer. Every employee reacts differently to any forms of motivation. Thus it cannot be assumed that money will motivate every employee equally or not. These merit pay schemes can create dissatisfaction if they are unfair, inadequate or not managed properly. The policy of carrot and stick :- the best motivational system for an organization: There is a traditional framework as well as an argument for this above stated myth. It consists of telling the employees two particular statements: If you will do this particular work, then you will get the bonus or incentive for the same. If you will not do this particular work then you might get an unsatisfactory appraisal or you may also get fired from the company. The author of the book The Truth about Managing People, Stephen P.Robbins says that the system of rewards has nothing to do with the performance of the employees. A good and a hard working individual will surely give out its best performance, so it is nothing to do with the method of paying rewards only to that employee who will complete the work on time. A worker is more productive in his work only when he is happy: According to this particular theory an employee who gets flexibility in his working hours, facilities of workout and generous amount of packages as benefits are the happiest employees in an organization. All these are considered to be excellent benefits and they have nothing to do with incentives that an employee gets for better performance. So it is basically a myth in the minds of the people in context of motivating the employees. Conclusion: Motivation is a process that depends upon the needs related to growth of the employees. This motivational process gives benefits over a period of time in the organization and hence it acts an internal engine for the whole organization. This is because the personal growth acts as a final reward in the process of motivation. An employee can be motivated by giving them more challenging work and with this the employees can accept the sense of responsibility. The employees working in the organization acts as the best asset for the company. If the employees are not motivated then it will affect the productivity of the organization to a great extent. Reference: Gerhart, B., Bretz Jr, R. D. (1994).Employee compensation. Wiley, New York. Longenecker, C. O. (2011). How the best motivate workers.Industrial Management,53(1), 8-13. Cleary, T. J., Durning, S. J., Gruppen, L. D., Hemmer, P. A., Artino Jr, A. R. (2013). Self-regulated learning.Oxford textbook of medical education, 465. Davenport, T. H., Nohria, N. (2012). Case management and the integration of labor.Sloan Management Review. Song, J. (2014). Subsidiary absorptive capacity and knowledge transfer within multinational corporations.Journal of International Business Studies,45(1), 73-84. Moradi, H., Masrur, F. F., Hossini, R. N. S. (2014). Examining the relationship between sports participation motivation and goal-orientated behavior at adolescent female athletes.International Journal of Sport Studies,4(3), 271-276. Elliott, P. H., Folsom, A. C. (2013).Exemplary Performance: Driving Business Results by Benchmarking Your Star Performers. John Wiley Sons. Curado, C., Henriques, P. L., Ribeiro, S. (2015). Voluntary or mandatory enrollment in training and the motivation to transfer training.International Journal of Training and Development.

Philosophical Foundations

Foundations of a personal worldview World view is the fundamental cognitive orientation of a society or an individual involving natural philosophy, normative assumptions, existential values, themes, ethics and emotions (Stark, 2004). World view can also be used to refer to the outline of notions and beliefs which individuals’ follows while interacting and trying to understand the world better. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Philosophical Foundations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Personal world view affects the way people perceive and interacts with the inner realm and the external world. World view is the dynamic that makes individuals to construct particular beliefs originating from their own experiences and belief system (Boylan, 2004). Beliefs are fundamental foundations of personal world view. All individuals have philosophies that shape their beliefs and opinions about life. The beliefs and opini ons that individuals hold play a key role in determining how they understand and perceive the surrounding world. Indeed, they impact on the manner in which individuals integrate and categorize world view experiences. For instance, people who ascribe to some religious beliefs will always have a personal philosophy that that originates from the religious beliefs, and they struggle to maintain their philosophical notions in line with their religious beliefs. An observance to something that exists in many different forms (existentialist) usually forms a worldview that is different from other philosophies in its undertakings with people and thoughts (Stark, 2004). The existentialist holds the notion that any meaning in their life cannot be found without, but somewhat shaped from within. Devotion to this philosophy will shape a worldview that is relative in its observation on life. Truth is subjective meaning that what is true to one person may not be true to another person. No philosop hy or religion imposes matters such as good and evil, they are personally contracted. Existentialist will hardly support organized religions or any notion that holds beliefs such as stating that they have a meaning of life. In view of that, the existentialist’s life experiences are sorted out in a particular manner and their interaction with the world surrounding them is particularly affected by an observance to such a philosophical principle. Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Religious ideas and doctrine can provide people with views that go beyond personal character, and personal views often fit into a broader picture. For example, individuals who subscribes to Christianity will most likely embrace a worldview that champions the story of Jesus as a critical requirement for their life’s experiences (Stark, 2004). World view can also be shaped by the experiences that pe ople have in their lives. The experiences that individuals go through in their lives may translate into a world view in various ways. The occurrence of something happening many times leads individuals to expectations that if they do something, it will always follow a certain pattern that they have observed repeatedly. This expectation shapes the way people understands and interacts with the world and hence form part of their personal world view (Stark, 2004). My personal worldview statement I hold the position that nature is a manifestation that I regard, the place I act in, and the possibilities and materials I can make use of. As such, I belief that whatever else other people say- they are compelled to act in that manner as if they believed exactly that. Generally, I do not believe that life or the world has any implication, but many things in nature may have some meaning; and any life may produce its own rationale. Although I believe and know that I cannot live forever, I believ e that I can experience immortal things. I believe that if something has no side effects, then it can be done en masse without hurting others. I usually prefer people to co-exist without war because I fear that war may disrupt peace and the wealth that has already been accumulated-yet it is the source of happiness to the mankind (Boylan, 2004). Although I doubt the truth about God and religions in general, I somewhat react positively towards their practices and beliefs. It is my belief that religion has potential to prove its usefulness. I find some religious teachings good for the wellbeing of the mankind, and in that respect, I find Christianity teachings on love and compassion worthy for a better living. There are also a number of teachings from different religious beliefs that helps me have a better understanding of morality, which in turn helps me develop better personal values. I find Christianity teaching on love and peace worth to the mankind, and as such, I ascribe to the principle that individuals should not do to others what they may not want others to do to them (Boylan, 2004). How my personal worldview influence my decision making process My decision making process is often influenced by my personal world view position in regard to a certain situation. Before I take a particular action, I consider the effects of my actions to the outer world, and the way it will affect my interaction with others. In that respect, I ensure that what I do to others is precisely what I would wish them to do to me. In addition, results of my actions acts as a guideline on my decision making process. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Philosophical Foundations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More If I feel that what I does can improve the wellbeing of the mankind, I do not hesitate to do it. For, example, I find any action that contributes towards peace and happiness as irresistible and worth doing. Hav ing gone through some experience of some sort, I find it easy to decide in subsequent times. In other words, words view formed as a result of my past experiences shapes my decision making. If I had done something which according to my conviction and experience was right, I always find myself deciding on the same ground in future (Boylan, 2004). Above all, believe in spirituality without subscribing to particular religious principles. I believe in understanding my destiny and my own spiritual nature without being influenced by any force that comes without (Cathcart and Klein, 2007). My experience of feeling shame or guilt whenever I do something wrong guides my consciousness of moral wrong or right. I believe that â€Å"truth is within the eyes of the beholder† (Nash, 1999, p.16) meaning that each person has his or her own version of truth. What I believe is true might not be true for another person. That is the reason why I believe that all people should be given freedom a nd respect to practice their own religion. As such, anything is â€Å"true if you believe it and that goes for anything, right† (Nash, 1999, p.56). References Boylan, M. (2004). A Just Society. London: Roman Littlefield Cathcart, T., Klein, D. (2007). Plato and a platypus walk into a bar: Understanding philosophy through jokes. New York: Penguin Group, Inc.Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Nash, R. (1999). Ultimate Questions: An Introduction to Philosophy. New York: Bantam Books. Stark, J. (2004). Rebuild your worldview to be healthy. New York: Trafford Publishing This essay on Philosophical Foundations was written and submitted by user Brooks Flynn to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.