Filipino Psychology Essay Example for Free

Filipino Psychology Essay Arts in the Philippines started even before the colonization of the country. It has different fields and expressions which are mostly religious. In any way, these native arts are on the verge of being lost now since the masses are all focused on foreign cultures forgetting their own. Painting Filipino painting as a whole can be seen as an amalgamation of many cultural influences, though it tends to be more Western in its current form with Eastern roots. Early Filipino painting can be found in red slip (clay mixed with water) designs embellished on the ritual pottery of the Philippines such as the acclaimed Manunggul Jar. Evidence of Philippine pottery-making dated as early as 6000 BC has been found in Sanga-sanga Cave, Sulu and Laurente Cave, Cagayan. It has been proven that by 5000 BC, the making of pottery was practiced throughout the country. Early Filipinos started making pottery before their Cambodian neighbors and at about the same time as the Thais as part of what appears to be a widespread Ice Age development of pottery technology. Further evidences of painting are manifested in the tattoo tradition of early Filipinos, whom the Portuguese explorer referred to as Pintados or the Painted People of the Visayas. Various designs referencing flora and fauna with heavenly bodies decorate their bodies in various colored pigmentation. Perhaps, some of the most elaborate painting done by early Filipinos that survive to the present day can be manifested among the arts and architecture of the Maranao who are well known for the Naga Dragons and the Sarimanok carved and painted in the beautiful Panolong of their Torogan or Kings House. Filipinos began creating paintings in the European tradition during 17th century Spanish period. The earliest of these paintings were Church frescoes, religious imagery from Biblical sources, as well as engravings, sculptures and lithographs featuring Christian icons and European nobility. Most of the paintings and sculptures between the 19th, and 20th century produced a mixture of religious, political, and landscape art works, with qualities of sweetness, dark, and light. Early modernist painters, such as Damian Domingo, were associated with religious and secular paintings. The art of Juan Luna and Felix Hidalgo showed a trend for political statement. Artist such as Fernando Amorsolo used post-modernism to produce paintings that illustrated Philippine culture, nature and harmony. While other artist such as Fernando Zobel used realities and abstract on his work. In early 80s other unique folk artist exists, one of these is Elito Circa as amang pintor, the famous Filipino folk painter. He uses his own hair to make his paintbrushes, and signs his name with his own blood on the right side of his paintings. He developed his own styles without professional training or guidance from masters. Literature The literature of the Philippines illustrates the Prehistory and European colonial legacy of the Philippines, written in both Indigenous and Hispanic writing system. Most of the traditional literatures of the Philippines were written during the Mexican and Spanish period. Philippine literature is written in Spanish, Filipino, Tagalog, English and other native Philippine languages. Some of the well-known Filipino literatures are Noli Me Tangere, El Filibusterismo, Florante at Laura, Ibong Adarna and among others which are still being studied by Filipino students nowadays. Dance Philippine folk dances include the Tinikling and Carinosa. In the southern region of Mindanao, Singkil is a popular dance showcasing the story of a prince and princess in the forest. Bamboo poles are arranged in a tic-tac-toe pattern in which the dancers exploit every position of these clashing poles. Music The early music of the Philippines featured a mixture of Indigenous, Islamic and a variety of Asian sounds that flourished before the European and American colonization in the 16th and 20th centuries. Spanish settlers and Filipinos played a variety of musical instruments, including flutes, guitar, ukelele, violin, trumpets and drums. They performed songs and dances to celebrate festive occasions. By the 21st century, many of the folk songs and dances have remained intact throughout the Philippines. Some of the groups that perform these folk songs and dances are the Bayanihan, Filipinescas, Barangay-Barrio, Hariraya, the Karilagan Ensemble, and groups associated with the guilds of Manila, and Fort Santiago theatres. Many Filipino musicians have raised prominence such as the composer and conductor Antonio J. Molina, the composer Felipe P. de Leon, known for his nationalistic themes and the opera singer Jovita Fuentes. Modern day Philippine music features several styles. Most music genres are contemporary such as Filipino rock, Filipino hip hop and other musical styles. Some are traditional such as Filipino folk music. Architecture The Nipa hut (Bahay Kubo) is the mainstream form of housing. It is characterized by use of simple materials such as bamboo and coconut as the main sources of wood. Cogon grass, Nipa palm leaves and coconut fronds are used as roof thatching. Most primitive homes are built on stilts due to frequent flooding during the rainy season. Regional variations include the use of thicker and denser roof thatching in mountain areas, or longer stilts on coastal areas particularly if the structure is built over water. The architecture of other indigenous peoples may be characterized by angular wooden roofs, bamboo in place of leafy thatching and ornate wooden carvings. The Spaniards introduced stones as housing and building materials. The introduction of Christianity brought European churches, and architecture which subsequently became the center of most towns and cities. Spanish architecture can be found in Intramuros, Vigan, Iloilo, Jaro and other parts of the Philippines. Islamic and other Asian architecture can also be seen depicted on buildings such as mosques and temples. The Coconut Palace is an example of Philippine Architecture. Contemporary architecture has a distinctively Western style although pre-Hispanic housing is still common in rural areas. American style suburban-gated communities are popular in the cities, including Manila, and the surrounding provinces. Cinema The advent of the cinema of the Philippines can be traced back to the early days of filmmaking in 1897 when a Spanish theater owner screened imported moving pictures. The formative years of Philippine cinema, starting from the 1930s, were a time of discovery of film as a new medium of expressing artworks. Scripts and characterizations in films came from popular theater shows and Philippine literature. In the 1940s, Philippine cinema brought the consciousness of reality in its film industry. Nationalistic films became popular, and movie themes consisting primarily of war and heroism and proved to be successful with Philippine audiences. The 1950s saw the first golden age of Philippine cinema, with the emergence of more artistic and mature films, and significant improvement in cinematic techniques among filmmakers. The studio system produced frenetic activity in the Philippine film industry as many films were made annually and several local talents started to gain recognition abroad. Award-winning filmmakers and actors were first introduced during this period. As the decade drew to a close, the studio system monopoly came under siege as a result of labor-management conflicts. By the 1960s, the artistry established in the previous years was in decline. This era can be characterized by rampant commercialism in films. The 1970s and 1980s were considered turbulent years for the Philippine film industry, bringing both positive and negative changes. The films in this period dealt with more serious topics following the Martial law era. In addition, action, western, drama, adult and comedy films developed further in picture quality, sound and writing. The 1980s brought the arrival of alternative or independent cinema in the Philippines. The 1990s saw the emerging popularity of drama, teen-oriented romantic comedy, adult, comedy and action films. The Philippines, being one of Asias earliest film industry producers, remains undisputed in terms of the highest level of theater admission in Asia. Over the years, however, the Philippine film industry has registered a steady decline in movie viewership from 131 million in 1996 to 63 million in 2004. From a high production rate of 350 films a year in the 1950s, and 200 films a year during the 1980s, the Philippine film industry production rate declined in 2006 to 2007. The 21st century saw the rebirth of independent filmmaking through the use of digital technology and a number of films have once again earned nationwide recognition and prestige. II. PSYCHOLOGICAL FOUNDATION. The sense of freedom that goes with the realization that psychology need not be imported from the United States of America brought new vigor, new meanings, and new directions for Philippine psychology. An intriguing redefinition of psychology itself is foreseen with the Filipino psychologist’s growing interest in the arts. Imbued with dynamism and a commitment to indigenous Filipino psychology in music and the arts, Felipe de Leon Jr. led the Sikolohiyang Pilipino movement as the fifth president of the association, promoting consciousness in people’s arts. De Leon distinguishes people’s art from specialist art. The first includes traditional, indigenous, ethnic and folk art. To be sure, people’s art exist everywhere in the country, especially among our rural and urban populations whose education is more or less synonymous with the life process in the community rather than with the artificially structured, essentially theoretical, mental learning that occurs in a formal setting such as a school. It is an art integrated in myriad ways, with everyday concerns, interests, functions and activities. Specialist art on the other hand, is a product of the individuals who received formal schooling and training in liberal arts, fine arts, literature, music, dance, drama or film in schools. Folk art reflects the concept of kapwa and is a rich source for understanding the Filipino worldview. The openness, as well as the present gradual development of mass-based artists whose aesthetic interests lie in depicting the peeks, depths, hardships and aspirations of contemporary Filipino life undoubtedly touch on pakikiisa, the highest level of kapwa psychology. Delineating the Filipino psychology and worldview is a contribution towards liberation—by not simply describing the Filipino outlook as seen in his arts, in his behavior and culture, but in moving him to action on the basis of his own worldview and on his own terms. The surge of interest in the arts changes the self-image of the Filipino psychologists themselves and, perhaps, even their identity. After all, it can be argued that psychologists must move closer to art not in order to avoid psychology but precisely to approach its very core.

The Taming of the Shrew Katherine :: Taming Shrew Essays

The Taming of the Shrew Katherine In William Shakespeare's play, The Taming of the Shrew, the shrew played by Katherine, had a terrible outlook on life and just about everything else. Her negativity was caused by her younger, more beautiful sister Bianca. Bianca wanted to get married. She had all of the men's hearts, Katherine had none. If Katherine got married then Bianca could get married. She truly was a shrew who needed to be tamed. Petruchio came to Padua. Petruchio could tame Katherine for the right amount of money. Before Petruchio's arrival, Katherine, the terriable, untamed shrew, caused problems with everyone. All that knew her hated her. She felt very jealous of her beautiful sister Bianca, because of her suitors and her beauty. Katherine tries to start fights with Bianca all of the time. She even hit Bianca. No one wanted to marry Katherine until Petruchio arrives in Padua to find a wife. "I come to wives it wealthy in Padua; If wealthy, then happily in Padua" (ShakespeareIii76-77). He and one of Bianca's suitors, Luciento had a conversation. As a joke, Luciento mentioned to Petruchio marry Katherine. Petruchio though of the profit and thought it could be great. "Petruchio can have no illusions about the fabled shrew, Katherine, for others are quick to tell him quite frankly what to expect"(Vaughn27). Petruchio and Katherine's father meet and decide that Petruchio will get twenty-thousand crowns if he weds Katherine. Petruchio and Katherine meet and they do not start off on the best of terms. But Petruchio decides they should get married anyway and he sets a date. Petruchio then leaves to get ready for the wedding . The wedding day arrives and Petruchio arrives at the wedding in ridiculous clothing and drunk. During the ceremony he hits the priest. During their own reception Petruchio demands that they shall leave, now the taming begins. Now the taming begins. Once they leave the wedding and are en route to Petruchio's home in Verona, Kate has to ride a burrow through the rain while Petruchio rides a horse. During their trip back many bad things happen to Kate. When they arrive at Petruchio's home Katherine could not fufill her needs of sleep and food with Petruchio's excuses of the food not being good enough and the bed not being good enough for her.

The top greenhouse gas emitter in the world

Taking China and US as examples we notice that: 1) China burns more coal in its power plants and produces more goods in its factories, thus it emits more pollutants into the air and dumps more effluents into the water, and in effect the economy moves from point A to B in Graph 1 . 2) United States has grown richer in recent decades. Thus being sufficiently rich, it can afford o takes steps in limiting pollution, thereby reducing the environmental damage.In US, the cars have catalytic converters that reduce fog and the government has imposed a limit on the emission of pollutants from the plants. Thus the economy of US is moving from C to D in Graph 1. As a countries per capita income rise, the initial effect is environmental damage but when a country becomes sufficiently rich, it can afford to take steps to protect the environment. (Grumman & Obsolete, 2009) What does this have to do with International Trade? Trade liberalizing is often supported on the grounds that it will be promoti ng economic growth.Economic growth as a result will increase the per capita income which may lead to environmental damage initially but later, the country may take steps to improve the environmental quality. However, the rise in per capita income, improving or worsening the environmental quality can be well understood by observing which side of the environmental Sunsets curve the economy will lay. However the environmental Sunsets curve does not imply that globalization is good for the environment. It fairly gives an idea that a world level globalization has indeed harmed the environment, so far.INTERNATIONAL INITIATIVES TO COMBAT GREENHOUSE EFFECT AND COMATE CHANGE To combat greenhouse effect and climate change, many conferences and treaties have been conducted between various nations of the world. Some of these are: The Earth Summit/ROI Summit/ ROI Conference- This is also known as The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development which was held in ROI De Jeanine from J une 3 to June 14,1992. Many issues relating to environmental protection was first discussed here wherein 178 governments and 2400 representatives of non- governmental organizations participated.It resulted in the following documents: ROI Declaration on Environment and people Agenda Convention on Biological Diversity Forest Principles Framework Convention on Climate Change In 2012, it is again held in ROI from June 20th to 2nd, commonly called ROI+20 or ROI Summit 2012. The Kyoto Protocol- This is an agreement made under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Nations that ratify this protocol entrust to reduce their emissions of carbon dioxide and five other greenhouse gases. It consists of more than 160 countries globally.China has been the biggest single beneficiary of globalization, whose export led economy has experienced enormous growth since 1980. Meanwhile the single biggest environmental issue has been climate change. Before the government of China introdu ced several economic growth reforms in 1979, the average annual real GAP growth rate estimated by the Congressional Research Service stood at 5. 3%, from 1960-1978. An 2010, the annual growth rate was estimated at 10. 4%. China faced a steep incline and decline in its GAP growth rate due to global recession in 2008, which stood at 9. % drop compared to 14. % during 2012 (Agency). Due to the structural reforms, China's economy is set to grow 7. 6 percent in 2013, beating the government's 7. 5 percent target. (Angina, 2012). Due to such economic growth, it is clearly seen that China alone is a major emitter of greenhouse gases, which is raising the earth's average temperature. China's boom is closely associated with a huge increase in its emission of carbon dioxide. On the other hand, United States has already faced a situation of being the largest emitter of greenhouse gas in 2007.From 1980 to 2012; United States ranks three out of 187 countries in Human Development Index that rose b y 0. 4% annually (from 0. 843 to 0. 937 till date. ). Thus, United States has become sufficiently rich such that now the realization of taking steps to protect the environment dawns on them. The five environmental policies that President Obama has put in place to protect US environment and promote clan energy are (Price, 2008) : Creating the first-ever standard to limit greenhouse gases from new fossil-fuel-fired power plants, a source of carbon pollution.Establishing the first fuel efficiency standards for heavy-duty trucks, preventing 270 million metric tons of roundhouse gases from polluting the air. Putting into place the first-ever national standard for mercury and toxic air pollution from power plans, preventing up to 130,000 cases of asthma symptoms every year. Approving the nation's first offshore wind farm, that will generate clean electricity and power to 200,000 homes. Approving renewable energy projects, including 16 utility scale solar projects which are first ever on p ublic lands.However as years went by, and China began to develop at a rapid pace, the carbon dioxide emission began to rise, being almost equal to United States in 2006( 5817 million tones of CA) and overtaking it in 2007(6194 million tones). In 2006, United States greenhouse gas emissions decreased from 5992 million tones to 591 5 million tones. However, the US carbon dioxide emission rose by 1. 6% in 2007 following the bursting of the housing bubble in the mid 2007 when US entered a severe recession. This clearly shows how pollution is closely related to economic success.From 2008 onwards, the carbon dioxide level emitted by United States begins to reduce and in 2009, President Obama sets a target to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the range of 17% below the 2005 levels. This is clearly understood by Sunsets explanation: As a country gets sufficiently rich, it can afford to take action to protect the environment. However, China is still in the stage of progression of being suff iciently rich, in comparison to its population (satisfying the needs of its entire people).Thus China continues to emit a high level of carbon dioxide in 2009, about 7205 million tones while Unite States is seen to reduce is emission to around 5427 million tones. Currently, China emits 48 % more CA than the USA and is responsible for a quarter of the world's emission. CONCLUSION China ranks as the top greenhouse gas emitter in the world while United States is in the second position. However China is responsible for a quarter of the world's emission.The main problem here is not globalization but China's economic success, which has to some extent come as a result of globalization. The foreign trade due to globalization makes producers have an access to larger, international markets. This access means that the economy benefits from international division of labor. Not only this, Domestic producer's produce more efficiently due to their international factorization and the pressure comin g from foreign companies. Thus consumers enjoy a wider variety of domestic and imported goods at lower prices.Empirical evidence suggests that globalization has significantly boosted economic growth in East Asian economies such as China. This economic growth, has down the line affected the environment adversely. Despite Environmental concerns, it's difficult to argue that China's growth, which has raised a millions of people out of dire poverty, is a bad thing. However, emission of carbon dioxide affects the future climate for all entries, thus being an international negative externally it is an important subject of international negotiation.

Meaning in Robert Frosts The Road Not Taken Essay

â€Å"Two roads diverged in a yellow wood and sorry I could not travel both and be one traveler† (Page 756 Stanza 1). This is the beginning of an iambic tetrameter by Robert Frost in which he expresses the thoughts of the speaker as they come to a fork in the road. The speaker faces a dilemma of deciding which path to take. Frost uses a closed form with a rhyme scheme of â€Å"ABAAB.† The speaker reaching the fork in the road is symbolism for a particular decision that he must make in life. The first stanza is setting up the situation in which the speaker must observe both choices and make a decision and stick with it. This poem allows the reader to use their imagination and is also relatable in everyone’s everyday lives. In â€Å"The Road Not Taken,†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦show more content†¦Frost makes good use in the setting and imagery to use symbolization. The poem takes place in the woods and leaves are also used in the description of the symbolism. Frost descri bes both paths as lying equally and there were no footprints in either path. This suggests the similarities that both paths present at first look. This makes it even harder for the speaker to make his decision. In the second stanza the speaker has made his decision and embraces it. He speaks of his taken path as being â€Å"grassy and wanted wear,† (page 756 Stanza 2) which is good use of imagery. The speaker is almost trying to make himself feel good about the decision he has made. He then speaks of how they are about the same. In the third stanza Frost describes them as appearing to be the same. He says that he would travel the other path some other day. However, He then says that the path that he is currently taking will lead to other things and implies that he will just keep going. Therefore, he doubts that he will ever be able to experience the other path (decision). The reader can easily relate to such metaphors that Frost creates. It is apparent that the speaker has come to the decision between two different life paths. When presented with these â€Å"life paths,† they are always unknown at first and appear to be the same. They must be traveled down before one can really understand how that â€Å"life path† really is. Frost creates this dilemma very artistically and leaves the reader to lookShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Intricate Meanings of Robert Frost s Poetry784 Words   |  4 PagesRobert Frost is considered by many to be one of the greatest poets of the twentieth century. Frostâ €™s work has been regarded by many as unique. Frost’s poems mainly take place in nature, and it is through nature that he uses sense appealing-vocabulary to immerse the reader into the poem. In the poem, â€Å"Hardwood Groves†, Frost uses a Hardwood Tree that is losing its leaves as a symbol of life’s vicissitudes. â€Å"Frost recognizes that before things in life are raised up, they must fall down† (BloomRead MoreUse Of The Road Not Taken By Robert Frost980 Words   |  4 PagesThe Use of â€Å"The Road Not Taken† Robert Frost’s â€Å"The Road Not Taken† has been examined time after time by teachers, professors, students, and even those willing to go even farther for entertainment but many people evaluate the poem in their own ways. There are the scholarly who delve deep into the mysteries of Frost’s poem and their critique containing a broader range of vocabulary. There are also the people who understand the meaning beneath Frost’s poem and seek to educate those who do notRead MoreEssay about Robert Lee Frost1452 Words   |  6 PagesRobert Lee Frost The mark of a great poet is his ability to engage the reader so that they analyse their own lives. Robert Lee Frost (1874 – 1963) – an influential American poet often associated with rural New England – is brilliant at this and uses poetry as a platform for the expression of his own general ideology. Frost’s belief that human society was often chaotic and stressful and that the meaning of life is elusive, has been promoted in his poetry. Frost looked to nature, whose undyingRead MoreEssay about The Life of Robert Frost1404 Words   |  6 PagesROBERT FROST â€Å"Two roads diverged in a wood and I- I took the road less traveled† How did Robert Frost take the road less traveled in his life? Frost was a poet who lived a hard life. With 6 kids and a wife, he had a lot of people to provide for. He was a man who wore many hats, being a dad, husband, poet, and farmer. Robert was an incredibly gifted man who wrote many famous poems. Robert Frost, a great American poet lived a humble life and changed the world with his profound writing abilityRead MoreThe Poetry of Robert Lee Frost810 Words   |  3 Pagesthought has found words,† Robert Frost once said. As is made fairly obvious by this quote, Frost was an adroit thinker. It seems like he spent much of his life thinking about the little things. He often pondered the meaning and symbolism of things he found in nature. Many readers find Robert Frost’s poems to be straightforward, yet his work contains deeper layers of complexity beneath the surface. These deeper l ayers of complexity can be clearly seen in his poems â€Å" The Road Not Taken†, â€Å"Fire and Ice†, andRead MoreThe Road Not Taken By Robert Frost912 Words   |  4 Pagesbeen? Profound poet Robert Frost depicts this dilemma in his poem â€Å"The Road Not Taken. The Road Not Taken is a narrative poem consisting of four stanzas of iambic tetrameter and was published in 1916 in the collection Mountain Interval. In this poem, Robert Frost uses title, imagery, and theme to complicate and lead the reader to unknowingly misunderstand the poem. Through careful explication of these elements of Frost’s â€Å"The Road Not Taken,† one may discover the true meaning to the ironic and trivialRead More Robert Frosts The Road Not Taken - The Ambiguous Road Essay1030 Words   |  5 PagesThe Very Ambiguous Road Not Taken  Ã‚     Ã‚   Donald J. Greiner states, In the years since his death, biographical revelations and critical appraisals have torn off the mask to expose a Frost the public never knew: a flawed man with more than his share of personal tragedy, a major poet with more than his share of fear(95). Many people consider Robert Frost to be a great poet with many accomplishments. His work is well known throughout Europe and the United States; however, most people do not knowRead MoreThe Road Not Taken and Neither Out Far Nor in Deep by Robert Frost1436 Words   |  6 PagesThe Road Not Taken and Neither Out Far Nor in Deep by Robert Frost Robert Lee Frost is an American poet who is known for his verse concerning nature and New England life. He was born in San Francisco in 1874. When his father died in 1885, his mother moved the family to Lawrence, Massachusetts. Frost attended college sporadically after graduating high school and made a living by working as a bobbin boy in a wool mill, a shoemaker, a country schoolteacher, editor of a rural newspaper, andRead MoreThe Road Not Taken By Robert Frost1297 Words   |  6 Pagesexperiences shape the way we perceive things, which is why one artwork can have multiple different interpretations. Though there may not be any singular correct meaning, having contextual knowledge of a poem certainly helps us understand the thoughts and feelings that inspired the poet at the time. The poem I’ll be unveiling is â€Å"The Road Not Taken† by Robert Frost, one of the most well-known poets of the modern literature movement. He lived most of his life in America but moved to the UK a few years beforeRead MoreAnalysis OfThe Road Not Taken, By Robert Frost1011 Words   |  5 PagesRobert Frost, a renowned American poet, is regarded as one of the most influential and successful poets of the twentieth century. Frost’s popularity is derived most notably from the colloquial, descriptive language he uses in his poems and the impactful themes he portrays throughout them. The popularity of Frost’s poems also emerges from the interest that is sparked by his ability to â€Å"fool† the reader and hide the true meaning behind his words. One of the most acknowledged of Frost’s poems is â€Å"The

The Reliability of Memory - 1494 Words

According to Sternberg (1999), memory is the extraction of past experiences for information to be used in the present. The retrieval of memory is essential in every aspect of daily life, whether it is for academics, work or social purposes. However, many often take memory for granted and assume that it can be relied on because of how realistic it appears in the mind. This form of memory is also known as flashbulb memory. (Brown and Kulik, 1977). The question of whether our memory is reliably accurate has been shown to have implications in providing precise details of past events. (The British Psychological Association, 2011). In this essay, I would put forth arguments that human memory, in fact, is not completely reliable in providing†¦show more content†¦The subjects involved 3 males and 21 females, ranging in age from 18 to 53. They were selected based on their relative member having a good knowledge about their childhood experiences. Subjects were given a booklet containing brief descriptions of 3 true events and 1 false event that supposedly occurred when they were 4 to 6 years old. These were based on information provided by the relative and subjects were instructed to record what they could remember. Following which, 2 consecutive interviews were held around 2 weeks apart, and the subjects were asked to rate their clarity and confidence ratings on a scale of 1-10 and 1-5 respectively. Results showed that 29% of the subjects â€Å"remembered† the false event, whether it is partially or completely when they first read the booklet. During the subsequent 2 interviews, 25% of the subjects insisted that they â€Å"remembered† the false event. Moreover, the mean clarity rating for the false memory increased from 2.8 to 3.6 respectively for the first and second interview. This showed that there are various ways in which one can be led to remember their past, and even be encouraged to â€Å"remember† non-existent events. Although most of the subjects succeeded in remembering 68% of the true events with higher confidence and clarity ratings, this did not indicate that they were not confused earlier on to believe that the falseShow MoreRelatedReliability of the Human Memory1339 Words   |  5 PagesReliability of the human memory in eyewitness memory In this essay it will be argued how the human memory for recalling details of past events is not reliably accurate and that it will be interpreted through the reliability of memory in eyewitness memory and testimony. The human memory is a complex finding in the cognitive research of psychology, which can be explained by many different contributing factors but eyewitness is dependent upon the accuracy of long-term memory. However, research evidenceRead MoreUniversal Nonverbal Intelligence Test By Lauren Scanlan Essay1210 Words   |  5 Pages2). 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First, addressing cognitive ability, we understand that a comprehensive test of cognitive ability is not feasible as it is a diverse concept with a number of different factors. In light of this, we are attempting to see if there is an effect on the concentration aspect of cognitive ability. We are going to operationalize concentration as performance of working-memory. This is because working-memory requires an individual to concentrateRead MoreMusical Talent Is It Genetic Or Environmental?1708 Words   |  7 Pagesbe musically talented. This paper is going to be focusing on what causes musical talent, the genetic aspects of musical talent as well as the environmental aspects of what causes musical talent, and some ways that measure musical talent and the reliability and validity of the tests used to determine musical talent. Genetic Aspects of Musical Talent Have you ever known a person who was musically talented and wondered what is it that causes a person to be so musically adapt? Or think of your favoriteRead MoreThe Role of Eyewitness Testimony and the Weapon Effect in a Criminal Investigation 1241 Words   |  5 Pagesare also valued unique factors they can bring to criminal investigations. Nevertheless, an eyewitness testimony can also raise several factors that threaten its credibility, especially for those who haven’t had prior training in assessing witness reliability. It has been suggested, for instance, that jurors only have their common sense as their guides when their witnesses have strenuous claims (Schechel et al., 2006, p.178). In the event that a crime scene does not contain relics of DNA or other forensicRead More The Reliability of Eyewitness Testimony Essay1329 Words   |  6 PagesThe Reliability of Eyewitness Testimony Part 1 - How reliable is Eyewitness testimony? The Reconstructive nature of memory - Schemas and Stereotypes The reconstructive nature of memory is related to the schema theory. A schema is a package of memory that is organized and developed throughout our lives. Schemas are stored in long term memory. Most people have similar schemas and this was recognized by Bower, Black and Turner (1979) when they asked several peopleRead MoreA Brief Note On The Alzheimers Disease1235 Words   |  5 Pages(Trossman, 2013). The Alzheimer’s Association (2015) states: Alzheimer’s disease is a degenerative brain disease and the most common cause of dementia. Dementia is also caused by other diseases and conditions. It is characterized by a decline in memory, language, problem-solving and other cognitive skills that affects a person’s ability to perform everyday activities. This decline occurs because nerve cells (neurons) in parts of the brain involved in cognitive function have been damaged and no longerRead MoreCognitive Psychology; Critical Report on Abducted by Ufo: Prevalence Information Affects Young Childrens False Memories for an Implausible Event1443 Words   |  6 PagesAssessment 1: Critical Review 1. Otgaar and colleagues looked at whether Prevalence information changes memory in any form when focusing on implausible events. The aim of the investigation was to see if children between the ages of 7-8 and 11-12 could create false memories when asked to recall an implausible or plausible event. The second aim also focused on whether the level of false memory recalled when levels of prevalence has been changed which was controlled by having a condition with no prevalence

Cause And Effects Of Stress - 1349 Words

Causes and Effects of Stress According to HeartMath LLC,â€Å"Stress is the basic cause of 60% of all human illness and disease†. Stress is a huge problem in the world today and effects many people. Everyone has different stress triggers. For example, work, school, and children are all parts of life that many people struggle with and cause them to go into overload. Stress take a toll on many people s bodies and can cause serious problems like high blood pressure, obesity, diabetes, and heart disease. In opposition to the people who think that stress is a negative, some people say that it is a positive. They claim that it motivates them, boosts their adrenaline, and makes them smarter. Many people in the world experience stress in their†¦show more content†¦employers an estimated $200 billion per year in absenteeism, lower productivity, staff turnover, workers compensation, medical insurance and other stress-related expenses.† If stress causes a company money why are they continuing to overload employees with work. If they were looking at the best interest of their company and their employees they would consider there life outside of work and cut them some slack. Another effect in the workplace includes sleep deprivation from staying up those long nights getting work done. Everyone needs sleep and if one does not get enough it can affect how much they get done and the quality of their work. In addition to stress in the workplace, finances is a huge stress factor for adults. This is not just a small problem it affects many adults: â€Å"72 percent of adults admitted worrying about finances, and 22 percent called this stress extreme† (Addie, Kane). This is an ongoing issue in the world and something that most if not all deal with in their lifetime. Keeping up with the bills and paying for everyday expenses is very hard for some people to keep up with, especially those of which who have a lower income. Adults in a lower income household are more likely to stress about money and making ends meet. Along with income and finances, job loss and unemployment are other sources of income for adults. When someone loses a job they no longer have a source of income to pay for any expenses. They now have to worryShow MoreRelatedCause And Effect Of Stress1029 Words   |  5 Pagesthe day of the week? Why adults cannot be as happy as little kids? Why college or school students h ave a sleepless night before the exam? The answer is stress. Stress has become a normal part of our life and its negative effects are increasing with such a fast rate that after a few decades or so, it is going to be the leading cause of death. Stress as defined â€Å"is an internal state which can be caused by the physical demands of the body .e.g. disease conditions, exercise, and the like or by environmentalRead MoreThe Causes and Effects of Stress1901 Words   |  8 Pagesfor the statement that â€Å"Stress is in the eyes of the beholder†. Stress from the perspective of poetry is the emphasis that falls on certain syllables and not others; the arrangement of stresses within a poem is the foundation of poetic rhythm. The process of working out which syllables in a poem are stressed is known as scansion; once a metrical poem has been scanned, it should be possible to see the matter. In psychology, stress is a feeling of strain and pressure. Stress in general is somethingR ead MoreStress : Causes, Effects, And Treatments1429 Words   |  6 PagesStress: Causes, Effects, and Treatments INTRODUCTION Stress is a major component of people’s lives at some point or another. Stress is a state of mental and/or emotional tension as a result of demanding circumstances and events. Stress has an impact on humans physically and psychologically. There are different types of stress including: acute, episodic acute, and chronic. Acute is the most common form of stress and it only has temporary effects, episodic is a more frequent form of acute stressRead MoreEssay on Stress: Causes And Effects797 Words   |  4 PagesStress: Causes and Effects   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Stress is an ongoing dilemma that occurs in each and everyone’s life. It is a factor that is undoubtedly a part of daily living. Due to the trivial problems that occur in people’s daily lives massive amounts of stress can arise. People perceive and manage stress in many different ways. The causes and effects of stress are numerous and one’s ability to manage stress is vital in maintaining healthy living.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First, stress is defined as an unpleasant stateRead MoreStress : The Causes, Effects, And Remedies1755 Words   |  8 PagesStress: The Causes, Effects, and Remedies Stress is a common issue many people face today. Several studies have been done on various groups to explain their stress and the effect it has on their lives. Stress can have short-term and long-term effects which can impact physical and psychological health. Research shows that stress is connected to nearly 90 percent of health issues (Naseer, 2016). It is vital for stress to be managed and reduced for health purposes, but to do that, it must be fullyRead MoreCause and Effect of Stress in Young Children1162 Words   |  5 PagesDetermining Causes and Effects- Draft Version Jacqueline C. Winfield Professor Leverett Butts English Composition- ENG 115 Friday, November 22, 2012 Young children are not always the first people we think of when it comes to the stress factor. We tend to believe that they are living in their best years, however with changes in economic situations such as parents not remaining married, being exposed to violence, and even feeling the need to belong a child can become overwhelmed. AccordingRead MoreTeens : The Causes And Effects Of Teen Stress1309 Words   |  6 PagesEvery year, because of stress from exams, 40 students kill themselves (Singh). A 15 year-old student in India hung herself in her room, the day before an exam and left a note which tells how she ended her life because she was â€Å"... unable to secure first rank in examination†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Correspondent). This is one of the examples of how stress causes many health problems in teens from being overworked in school and too many responsibilities at home. Most teens today feel the pressure from juggling schoolworkRead MoreCauses And Effects Of Stress In College Students901 Words   |  4 Pagesor go a different route in life. There are many causes and effects due to the amount of stress college students go through daily. I know this because Ive been a college student for about 3 months and experience stress almost every day. Three main causes why college students experience stress is because of academic stressors, social stressors, and daily hassles. Which leads to dropouts, weight issues, and unhealthy habits. The first type of stress that college students experience is academicallyRead MoreCauses and Effects of Work Related Stress613 Words   |  3 Pagesrelated stress Introduction: Work related stress is response to the conflict between work demand and individual’s needs. According to world health organization (WHO; 1986) When people are presented with work demands and pressures that is contrast to their knowledge and skills and challenge their abilities, those work demands and pressures result in the response called work related stress. Work related stress could occur at any level of organization including managers and lower faculty. Causes: NormallyRead MoreCauses and Effects of Stress on Our Lives808 Words   |  3 Pages People have felt stress. Stress is scientifically defined as any stimulus or condition that threatens the bodys homeostasis. Stress could be a negative or positive. People believe that thinking too much about things will make it go or help vanish the situation. Sometimes when thinking about things it can suddenly lead to being angry, mad or start screaming. People feeling angry or mad meaning that stress has overcome their life. Nowadays, people are wondering, what is stress? and why does it

Employee Compensation Industrial Management

Question: Describe about the Employee Compensation for Industrial Management? Answer: Introduction: Motivation is derived from the word motive. By the word motive it means needs, desires or wants that the individual expects from within. It is a complete procedure of stimulating the actions of the employees who are working in the organization is order to accomplish the goals. Employees working in the organization are motivated very frequently by their manager. This will help them to become more productive, more engaged and more interested in doing their work, so basically it is the job of the managers to motivate the employees to make them in doing their jobs well. Motivation-key to improvement in performance It is an old saying that a horse can be taken to the water but the horse cannot be forced to drink water. Same is the case with the human beings they will do only that work for which they are interested to do or it can be said that they are motivated to do the work. They must be motivated either by themselves or with the help of some external methods. Now the question is that whether the employees working in the organization are self-motivated or driven by external stimulus. If they are not self-motivated then be motivated. So now it becomes the duty of the manager to motivate the employees. So for motivation there can be some skill that can be learnt. This is very much essential for any business to run smoothly. Performance of the employees is considered to be a mixture of ability and motivation, therefore: Performance in job = function (f) x ability x motivation Ability depends upon education, experience as well as the training of the employees. Any improvement in the ability undertaken by the manager is a slow and a long process, whereas motivation can be improved quickly. Following are major strategies of motivation that can be used by the manager: Higher expectations from employees Maintaining discipline in the organization No biasness among the employees Satisfying the needs of the employees To set the goals effectively. The above stated strategies may vary from situation to situation in every organization. It is usually found that there is slight gap that exist between the actual state and desired state of the individual. The managers today are trying to reduce the gap by adopting different kind of strategies. Motivation is adopted by the motivator so that he can easily complete the work and can achieve the desired goals set by the manager. The manager can also carry on research in order to evaluate that what are the needs of the individual and how can they be motivated. it can be explained with this example, a famous gas company Minneapolis Gas Company that had 31,000 men and 13,000 women workers made a long research for a period of 20 years in order to evaluate that what are the desired of the employees that are working in their organization. This research gave them fruitful results and they came to know that both the men and women workers wanted that there should be security of their job for which they are working hard. Other than this there were other three factors that were found after the research: Advancement in the technology. Work type assigned to a particular worker. The company should be reliable and authentic. The detailed arguments against merit pay are as follows Rewards with the fear of punishment may lead to declining of performance and thus it will affect the intrinsic form of motivation. When a manager makes stress on the employee that it will get rewards from his work done then employee gets burdened and thus becomes least interested in its work. The amounts that are available for distribution are small so they cannot act an incentive. They have always been a matter of question in the merit pay schemes The requirements that are needed for success are difficult to achieve. Money as in itself will not lead to sustainable motivation. Rather the intrinsic motivation that is provided by the work itself will last longer. Every employee reacts differently to any forms of motivation. Thus it cannot be assumed that money will motivate every employee equally or not. These merit pay schemes can create dissatisfaction if they are unfair, inadequate or not managed properly. The policy of carrot and stick :- the best motivational system for an organization: There is a traditional framework as well as an argument for this above stated myth. It consists of telling the employees two particular statements: If you will do this particular work, then you will get the bonus or incentive for the same. If you will not do this particular work then you might get an unsatisfactory appraisal or you may also get fired from the company. The author of the book The Truth about Managing People, Stephen P.Robbins says that the system of rewards has nothing to do with the performance of the employees. A good and a hard working individual will surely give out its best performance, so it is nothing to do with the method of paying rewards only to that employee who will complete the work on time. A worker is more productive in his work only when he is happy: According to this particular theory an employee who gets flexibility in his working hours, facilities of workout and generous amount of packages as benefits are the happiest employees in an organization. All these are considered to be excellent benefits and they have nothing to do with incentives that an employee gets for better performance. So it is basically a myth in the minds of the people in context of motivating the employees. Conclusion: Motivation is a process that depends upon the needs related to growth of the employees. This motivational process gives benefits over a period of time in the organization and hence it acts an internal engine for the whole organization. This is because the personal growth acts as a final reward in the process of motivation. An employee can be motivated by giving them more challenging work and with this the employees can accept the sense of responsibility. The employees working in the organization acts as the best asset for the company. If the employees are not motivated then it will affect the productivity of the organization to a great extent. Reference: Gerhart, B., Bretz Jr, R. D. (1994).Employee compensation. Wiley, New York. Longenecker, C. O. (2011). How the best motivate workers.Industrial Management,53(1), 8-13. Cleary, T. J., Durning, S. J., Gruppen, L. D., Hemmer, P. A., Artino Jr, A. R. (2013). Self-regulated learning.Oxford textbook of medical education, 465. Davenport, T. H., Nohria, N. (2012). Case management and the integration of labor.Sloan Management Review. Song, J. (2014). Subsidiary absorptive capacity and knowledge transfer within multinational corporations.Journal of International Business Studies,45(1), 73-84. Moradi, H., Masrur, F. F., Hossini, R. N. S. (2014). Examining the relationship between sports participation motivation and goal-orientated behavior at adolescent female athletes.International Journal of Sport Studies,4(3), 271-276. Elliott, P. H., Folsom, A. C. (2013).Exemplary Performance: Driving Business Results by Benchmarking Your Star Performers. John Wiley Sons. Curado, C., Henriques, P. L., Ribeiro, S. (2015). Voluntary or mandatory enrollment in training and the motivation to transfer training.International Journal of Training and Development.